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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">8-bit computing</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"8-bit" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="8-bit_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="8-bit (disambiguation)">8-bit (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size: 120%;">Computer architecture bit widths</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #ccccff;">

<div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="1-bit_computing" title="1-bit computing">1</a></li><li><a href="4-bit_computing" title="4-bit computing">4</a></li><li><a href="12-bit_computing" title="12-bit computing">12</a></li><li><a href="16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16</a></li><li><a href="18-bit_computing" title="18-bit computing">18</a></li><li><a href="24-bit_computing" title="24-bit computing">24</a></li><li><a href="26-bit_computing" title="26-bit computing">26</a></li><li><a href="UNIVAC_490" title="UNIVAC 490">30</a></li><li><a href="31-bit_computing" title="31-bit computing">31</a></li><li><a href="32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32</a></li><li><a href="36-bit_computing" title="36-bit computing">36</a></li><li><a href="45-bit_computing" title="45-bit computing">45</a></li><li><a href="48-bit_computing" title="48-bit computing">48</a></li><li><a href="60-bit_computing" title="60-bit computing">60</a></li><li><a href="64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64</a></li><li><a href="128-bit_computing" title="128-bit computing">128</a></li><li><a href="256-bit_computing" title="256-bit computing">256</a></li><li><a href="512-bit_computing" title="512-bit computing">512</a></li><li><a href="Bit_slicing" title="Bit slicing">bit slicing</a></li></ul></div></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #ccccff;">

<a href="Application_software" title="Application software">Application</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #ccccff;">

<a href="Floating-point_arithmetic" title="Floating-point arithmetic">Binary floating-point</a> <a href="Precision_(computer_science)" title="Precision (computer science)">precision</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #ccccff;">

<a href="Decimal_floating_point" title="Decimal floating point">Decimal floating-point</a> <a href="Precision_(computer_science)" title="Precision (computer science)">precision</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

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<p>

In <a href="Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">computer architecture</a>, <b>8-bit</b> <a href="Integer_(computer_science)" title="Integer (computer science)">integers</a> or other <a href="Data_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Data (computing)">data</a> units are those that are 8 <a href="Bit" title="Bit">bits</a> wide (1 <a href="Octet_(computing)" title="Octet (computing)">octet</a>). Also, 8-bit <a href="Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">central processing unit</a> (CPU) and <a href="Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">arithmetic logic unit</a> (ALU) architectures are those that are based on <a href="Processor_register" title="Processor register">registers</a> or <a href="Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">data buses</a> of that size. <a href="Memory_address" title="Memory address">Memory addresses</a> (and thus <a href="Address_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Address bus">address buses</a>) for 8-bit CPUs are generally larger than 8-bit, usually 16-bit. 8-bit <a href="Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputers</a> are microcomputers that use 8-bit <a href="Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a>.

</p><p>The term '8-bit' is also applied to the <a href="Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character sets</a> that could be used on computers with 8-bit bytes, the best known being various forms of <a href="Extended_ASCII" title="Extended ASCII">extended ASCII</a>, including the <a href="ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">ISO/IEC 8859</a> series of national character sets – especially <a href="ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">Latin 1</a> for English and Western European languages.

</p><p>The <a href="IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">IBM System/360</a> introduced byte-addressable memory with 8-bit bytes, as opposed to bit-addressable or decimal digit-addressable or word-addressable memory, although its <a href="General-purpose_registers" class="mw-redirect" title="General-purpose registers">general-purpose registers</a> were 32 bits wide, and addresses were contained in the lower 24 bits of those addresses. Different models of System/360 had different internal data path widths; the <a href="IBM_System/360_Model_30" title="IBM System/360 Model 30">IBM System/360 Model 30</a> (1965) implemented the 32-bit System/360 architecture, but had an 8-bit native path width, and performed 32-bit arithmetic 8 bits at a time.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The first widely adopted 8-bit <a href="Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> was the <a href="Intel_8080" title="Intel 8080">Intel 8080</a>, being used in many hobbyist computers of the late 1970s and early 1980s, often running the <a href="CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a> <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>; it had 8-bit data words and 16-bit addresses. The <a href="Zilog_Z80" title="Zilog Z80">Zilog Z80</a> (compatible with the 8080) and the <a href="Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800">Motorola 6800</a> were also used in similar computers. The Z80 and the <a href="MOS_Technology_6502" title="MOS Technology 6502">MOS Technology 6502</a> 8-bit CPUs were widely used in <a href="Home_computer" title="Home computer">home computers</a> and <a href="Second_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Second generation of video game consoles">second-</a> and <a href="Third_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Third generation of video game consoles">third-generation game consoles</a> of the 1970s and 1980s. Many 8-bit CPUs or <a href="Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontrollers</a> are the basis of today's ubiquitous <a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_context">Historical context</h2></div>

<p>8-bit microprocessors were the first widely used microprocessors in the computing industry, marking a major shift from mainframes and minicomputers to smaller, more affordable systems. The introduction of 8-bit processors in the 1970s enabled the production of personal computers, leading to the popularization of computing and setting the foundation for the modern computing landscape.

</p><p>The 1976 <a href="Zilog_Z80" title="Zilog Z80">Zilog Z80</a>, one of the most popular 8-bit CPUs (though with <a href="4-bit_computing" title="4-bit computing">4-bit</a> ALU, at least in the original), was discontinued in 2024 (its product line Z84C00), with Last Time Buy (LTB) orders by 14 June 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Details">Details</h2></div>

<p>An 8-bit register can store 2<sup>8</sup> different values. The <a href="Range_(computer_programming)" title="Range (computer programming)">range</a> of <a href="Integer" title="Integer">integer</a> values that can be stored in 8 bits depends on the <a href="Integer_(computer_science)#Value_and_representation" title="Integer (computer science)">integer representation</a> used. With the two most common representations, the range is 0 through 255 <span class="nowrap">(2<sup>8</sup> − 1)</span> for representation as an (<a href="Signedness" title="Signedness">unsigned</a>) <a href="Binary_number" title="Binary number">binary number</a>, and −128 <span class="nowrap">(−1 × 2<sup>7</sup>)</span> through 127 <span class="nowrap">(2<sup>7</sup> − 1)</span> for representation as <a href="Two's_complement" title="Two's complement">two's complement</a>.

</p><p>8-bit CPUs use an <a href="Octet_(computing)" title="Octet (computing)">8-bit</a> <a href="Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">data bus</a> and can therefore access 8 bits of data in a single <a href="Instruction_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction (computer science)">machine instruction</a>. The address bus is typically a double octet (<a href="16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16 bits</a>) wide, due to practical and economical considerations. This implies a direct <a href="Address_space" title="Address space">address space</a> of 64 <a href="Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">KB</a> (65,536 bytes) on most 8-bit processors.

</p><p>Most <a href="Home_computer" title="Home computer">home computers</a> from the 8-bit era fully exploited the address space, such as the <a href="BBC_Micro" title="BBC Micro">BBC Micro</a> (Model B) with 32 KB of <a href="Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a> plus 32 KB of <a href="Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a>. Others like the very popular <a href="Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a> had full 64 KB RAM, plus 20 KB ROM, meaning with 16-bit addressing not all of the RAM could be used by default (e.g. from the included <a href="BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> language interpreter in ROM);<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> without exploiting <a href="Bank_switching" title="Bank switching">bank switching</a>, which allows for breaking the 64 KB (RAM) limit in some systems. Other computers would have as low as 1 KB (plus 4 KB ROM), such as the Sinclair <a href="ZX80" title="ZX80">ZX80</a> (while the later very popular <a href="ZX_Spectrum" title="ZX Spectrum">ZX Spectrum</a> had more memory), or even only 128 bytes of RAM (plus <a href="Storage_(memory)" title="Storage (memory)">storage</a> from a <a href="ROM_cartridge" title="ROM cartridge">ROM cartridge</a>), as in an early game console <a href="Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari 2600</a> and thus 8-bit addressing would have been enough for the RAM, if it would not have needed to cover ROM too). The <a href="Commodore_128" title="Commodore 128">Commodore 128</a>, and other 8-bit systems, meaning still with 16-bit addressing, could use more than 64 KB, i.e. 128 KB RAM, also the <a href="BBC_Master" title="BBC Master">BBC Master</a> with it expandable to 512 KB of RAM.

</p><p>While in general 8-bit CPUs have 16-bit addressing, in some architectures both are available, such as in the <a href="MOS_Technology" title="MOS Technology">MOS Technology</a> <a href="MOS_Technology_6502" title="MOS Technology 6502">6502</a> CPU, where the <a href="Zero_page" title="Zero page">zero page</a> is used extensively, saving one byte in the instructions accessing that page, and also having 16-bit addressing instructions that take 2 bytes for the address plus 1 for the opcode.

</p><p>Some <a href="Index_register" title="Index register">index registers</a>, such as the two in the 6502, are 8-bit. This limits the size of the arrays addressed using <a href="Indexed_addressing" class="mw-redirect" title="Indexed addressing">indexed addressing</a> instructions to objects of up to 256 bytes without requiring more complicated code. Other 8-bit CPUs, such as the <a href="Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800">Motorola 6800</a> and <a href="Intel_8080" title="Intel 8080">Intel 8080</a>, have 16-bit index registers.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_8-bit_CPUs">Notable 8-bit CPUs</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Microprocessor_chronology" title="Microprocessor chronology">Microprocessor chronology</a></div>

<p>The first commercial 8-bit processor was the <a href="Intel_8008" title="Intel 8008">Intel 8008</a> (1972) which was originally intended for the <a href="Datapoint_2200" title="Datapoint 2200">Datapoint 2200</a> <a href="Intelligent_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent terminal">intelligent terminal</a>. Most competitors to <a href="Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> started off with such character oriented 8-bit microprocessors. Modernized variants of these 8-bit machines are still one of the most common types of processor in embedded systems.

</p><p>The <a href="MOS_Technology_6502" title="MOS Technology 6502">MOS Technology 6502</a>, and variants of it, were used in personal computers, such as the <a href="Apple_I" title="Apple I">Apple I</a>, <a href="Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a>, <a href="Atari_8-bit_computers" title="Atari 8-bit computers">Atari 8-bit computers</a>, <a href="BBC_Micro" title="BBC Micro">BBC Micro</a>, <a href="Commodore_PET" title="Commodore PET">PET</a>, <a href="VIC-20" title="VIC-20">VIC-20</a>, and in <a href="Home_video_game_console" title="Home video game console">home video game consoles</a> such as the <a href="Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari 2600</a> and the <a href="Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a>.

</p>

<caption style="font-size: 105%;">Early or popular 8-bit processors (incomplete)

</caption>

<th>Manufacturer</th>

<th>Processor</th>

<th>Comment

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Intel</td>

<td><a href="Datapoint_2200" title="Datapoint 2200">Datapoint 2200</a> compatible

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Intel</td>

<td>8008 source compatible

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a></td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Signetics" title="Signetics">Signetics</a></td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Fairchild_Semiconductor" title="Fairchild Semiconductor">Fairchild</a></td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Similar to 6800, but incompatible

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Microchip_Technology" title="Microchip Technology">Microchip</a></td>

<td><a href="Harvard_architecture" title="Harvard architecture">Harvard architecture</a> microcontroller

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Electronic_Arrays" title="Electronic Arrays">Electronic Arrays</a></td>

<td>8-bit data, 12-bit addressing

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Zilog" title="Zilog">Zilog</a></td>

<td>8080 binary compatible

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Intel</td>

<td>8080 binary compatible

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Zilog</td>

<td>Harvard architecture microcontroller

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Motorola</td>

<td>6800 source compatible

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Intel</td>

<td>Harvard architecture microcontroller

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Enhanced 6502 custom-made for use in the <a href="Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Ricoh" title="Ricoh">Ricoh</a></td>

<td>6502 clone minus BCD instructions for the <a href="Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Zilog</td>

<td>Z80 binary compatible

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Motorola</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Hudson_Soft" title="Hudson Soft">Hudson</a></td>

<td>65C02 binary compatible

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Atmel" title="Atmel">Atmel</a></td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Zilog</td>

<td>Z80 binary compatible

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Infineon" class="mw-redirect" title="Infineon">Infineon</a></td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Freescale_Semiconductor" title="Freescale Semiconductor">Freescale</a></td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Motorola</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_for_training,_prototyping,_and_general_hardware_education">Use for training, prototyping, and general hardware education</h2></div>

<p>8-bit processors continue to be designed for general education about computer hardware, as well as for hobbyists' interests. One such CPU was designed and implemented using <a href="7400-series_integrated_circuits" title="7400-series integrated circuits">7400-series integrated circuits</a> on a <a href="Breadboard" title="Breadboard">breadboard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Designing 8-bit CPUs and their respective assemblers is a common training exercise for engineering students, engineers, and hobbyists. <a href="FPGA" class="mw-redirect" title="FPGA">FPGAs</a> are used for this purpose.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Kenbak-1" title="Kenbak-1">Kenbak-1</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFAmdahlBlaauwBrooks1964" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Gene_Amdahl" title="Gene Amdahl">Amdahl, G. M.</a>; <a href="Gerrit_Blaauw" title="Gerrit Blaauw">Blaauw, G. A.</a>; <a href="Fred_Brooks" title="Fred Brooks">Brooks, F. P.</a> (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ece.ucdavis.edu/~vojin/CLASSES/EEC272/S2005/Papers/IBM360-Amdahl_april64.pdf">"Architecture of the IBM System/360"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="IBM_Journal_of_Research_and_Development" title="IBM Journal of Research and Development">IBM Journal of Research and Development</a></i>. <b>8</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>101. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147%2Frd.82.0087">10.1147/rd.82.0087</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810085620/https://www.ece.ucdavis.edu/~vojin/CLASSES/EEC272/S2005/Papers/IBM360-Amdahl_april64.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 August 2017.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mouser.com/PCN/Littelfuse_PCN_Z84C00.pdf">"X80 Product line: Z84C00"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 15 April 2024.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c64-wiki.com/wiki/Bank_Switching">"Bank Switching - C64-Wiki"</a>. <i>www.c64-wiki.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081028210428/http://www.am.necel.com/micro/product/all_8_general.html/">"NEC 78K0"</a>. <a href="NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.am.necel.com/micro/product/all_8_general.html/">the original</a> on 28 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOberhaus2019" class="citation web cs1">Oberhaus, Daniel (9 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/diy-8-bit-cpu/">"This Guy Designed and Built an 8-bit CPU from Scratch"</a>. <i><a href="Motherboard_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motherboard (website)">Motherboard</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFConstantino" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Constantino, Paulo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_ZaioqF1B0"><i>Homebuilt 8-bit CPU + Computer with graphics and sound made from scratch using 74HC Logic</i></a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Processor_technologies439" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Processor_technologies439" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor technologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Models</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abstract_machine" title="Abstract machine">Abstract machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Stored-program_computer" title="Stored-program computer">Stored-program computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Finite-state_machine" title="Finite-state machine">Finite-state machine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Finite-state_machine_with_datapath" class="mw-redirect" title="Finite-state machine with datapath">with datapath</a></li>

<li><a href="Hierarchical_state_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical state machine">Hierarchical</a></li>

<li><a href="Deterministic_finite_automaton" title="Deterministic finite automaton">Deterministic finite automaton</a></li>

<li><a href="Queue_automaton" title="Queue automaton">Queue automaton</a></li>

<li><a href="Cellular_automaton" title="Cellular automaton">Cellular automaton</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_cellular_automaton" title="Quantum cellular automaton">Quantum cellular automaton</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Turing_machine" title="Turing machine">Turing machine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alternating_Turing_machine" title="Alternating Turing machine">Alternating Turing machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_Turing_machine" title="Universal Turing machine">Universal</a></li>

<li><a href="Post%E2%80%93Turing_machine" title="Post–Turing machine">Post–Turing</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_Turing_machine" title="Quantum Turing machine">Quantum</a></li>

<li><a href="Nondeterministic_Turing_machine" title="Nondeterministic Turing machine">Nondeterministic Turing machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Probabilistic_Turing_machine" title="Probabilistic Turing machine">Probabilistic Turing machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypercomputation" title="Hypercomputation">Hypercomputation</a></li>

<li><a href="Zeno_machine" title="Zeno machine">Zeno machine</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_general-purpose_CPUs#Belt_machine_architecture" title="History of general-purpose CPUs">Belt machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Stack_machine" title="Stack machine">Stack machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Register_machine" title="Register machine">Register machines</a>

<ul><li><a href="Counter_machine" title="Counter machine">Counter</a></li>

<li><a href="Pointer_machine" title="Pointer machine">Pointer</a></li>

<li><a href="Random-access_machine" title="Random-access machine">Random-access</a></li>

<li><a href="Random-access_stored-program_machine" title="Random-access stored-program machine">Random-access stored program</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microarchitecture" title="Microarchitecture">Microarchitecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Von_Neumann_architecture" title="Von Neumann architecture">Von Neumann</a></li>

<li><a href="Harvard_architecture" title="Harvard architecture">Harvard</a>

<ul><li><a href="Modified_Harvard_architecture" title="Modified Harvard architecture">modified</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dataflow_architecture" title="Dataflow architecture">Dataflow</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_triggered_architecture" title="Transport triggered architecture">Transport-triggered</a></li>

<li><a href="Cellular_architecture" title="Cellular architecture">Cellular</a></li>

<li><a href="Endianness" title="Endianness">Endianness</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Memory access</a>

<li><a href="Load%E2%80%93store_architecture" title="Load–store architecture">Load–store</a></li>

<li><a href="Register%E2%80%93memory_architecture" title="Register–memory architecture">Register/memory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cache_hierarchy" title="Cache hierarchy">Cache hierarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_hierarchy" title="Memory hierarchy">Memory hierarchy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Secondary_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary storage">Secondary storage</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Heterogeneous_System_Architecture" title="Heterogeneous System Architecture">Heterogeneous</a></li>

<li><a href="Fabric_computing" title="Fabric computing">Fabric</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_computing" title="Cognitive computing">Cognitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuromorphic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">Instruction set<br>architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Orthogonal_instruction_set" title="Orthogonal instruction set">Orthogonal instruction set</a></li>

<li><a href="Application-specific_instruction_set_processor" title="Application-specific instruction set processor">Application-specific</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="TRIPS_architecture" title="TRIPS architecture">TRIPS</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="VISC_architecture" title="VISC architecture">VISC architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures" title="Comparison of instruction set architectures">Comparison</a>

<ul><li><a href="Addressing_mode" title="Addressing mode">Addressing modes</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruction<br>sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">Motorola 68000 series</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanford_MIPS" title="Stanford MIPS">Stanford MIPS</a></li>

<li>Power

<ul><li><a href="IBM_POWER_architecture" title="IBM POWER architecture">POWER</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_ISA" title="Power ISA">Power ISA</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Clipper_architecture" title="Clipper architecture">Clipper architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a></li>

<li><a href="SuperH" title="SuperH">SuperH</a></li>

<li><a href="DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">DEC Alpha</a></li>

<li><a href="ETRAX_CRIS" title="ETRAX CRIS">ETRAX CRIS</a></li>

<li><a href="Unicore" title="Unicore">Unicore</a></li>

<li><a href="IA-64" title="IA-64">Itanium</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenRISC" title="OpenRISC">OpenRISC</a></li>

<li><a href="MicroBlaze" title="MicroBlaze">MicroBlaze</a></li>

<li>System/3x0

<li><a href="Z/Architecture" title="Z/Architecture">z/Architecture</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Tilera ISA</li>

<li><a href="VISC_architecture" title="VISC architecture">VISC architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Adapteva" class="mw-redirect" title="Adapteva">Epiphany architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures" title="Comparison of instruction set architectures">Others</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Instruction_cycle" title="Instruction cycle">Execution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Instruction pipelining</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pipeline_stall" title="Pipeline stall">Pipeline stall</a></li>

<li><a href="Operand_forwarding" title="Operand forwarding">Operand forwarding</a></li>

<li><a href="Classic_RISC_pipeline" title="Classic RISC pipeline">Classic RISC pipeline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hazard_(computer_architecture)" title="Hazard (computer architecture)">Hazards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Data_dependency" title="Data dependency">Data dependency</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural hazard">Structural</a></li>

<li><a href="Control_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Control hazard">Control</a></li>

<li><a href="False_sharing" title="False sharing">False sharing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Out-of-order_execution" title="Out-of-order execution">Out-of-order</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Scoreboarding" title="Scoreboarding">Scoreboarding</a></li>

<li><a href="Tomasulo's_algorithm" title="Tomasulo's algorithm">Tomasulo's algorithm</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reservation_station" title="Reservation station">Reservation station</a></li>

<li><a href="Re-order_buffer" title="Re-order buffer">Re-order buffer</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Register_renaming" title="Register renaming">Register renaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Wide-issue" title="Wide-issue">Wide-issue</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Speculative_execution" title="Speculative execution">Speculative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Branch_predictor" title="Branch predictor">Branch prediction</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_dependence_prediction" title="Memory dependence prediction">Memory dependence prediction</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallelism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bit-serial_architecture" title="Bit-serial architecture">Bit-serial</a></li>

<li><a href="Instruction-level_parallelism" title="Instruction-level parallelism">Instruction</a></li>

<li><a href="Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Pipelining</a>

<ul><li><a href="Scalar_processor" title="Scalar processor">Scalar</a></li>

<li><a href="Superscalar_processor" title="Superscalar processor">Superscalar</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li>

<li><a href="Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Memory-level_parallelism" title="Memory-level parallelism">Memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed architecture">Distributed</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Temporal_multithreading" title="Temporal multithreading">Temporal</a></li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous multithreading">Simultaneous</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hyper-threading" title="Hyper-threading">Hyperthreading</a></li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_and_heterogeneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous and heterogeneous multithreading">Simultaneous and heterogenous</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Speculative_multithreading" title="Speculative multithreading">Speculative</a></li>

<li><a href="Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a></li>

<li><a href="Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">Cooperative</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Flynn's_taxonomy" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Flynn's taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Single_instruction%2C_multiple_threads" title="Single instruction, multiple threads">Array processing (SIMT)</a></li>

<li><a href="Flynn's_taxonomy#Pipelined_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Pipelined processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Flynn's_taxonomy#Associative_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Associative processing</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_performance" title="Computer performance">Processor<br>performance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">Transistor count</a></li>

<li><a href="Instructions_per_cycle" title="Instructions per cycle">Instructions per cycle</a> (IPC)

<ul><li><a href="Cycles_per_instruction" title="Cycles per instruction">Cycles per instruction</a> (CPI)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Instructions_per_second" title="Instructions per second">Instructions per second</a> (IPS)</li>

<li><a href="FLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">Floating-point operations per second</a> (FLOPS)</li>

<li><a href="Transactions_per_second" title="Transactions per second">Transactions per second</a> (TPS)</li>

<li><a href="SUPS" title="SUPS">Synaptic updates per second</a> (SUPS)</li>

<li><a href="Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a> (PPW)</li>

<li><a href="Cache_performance_measurement_and_metric" title="Cache performance measurement and metric">Cache performance metrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_performance_by_orders_of_magnitude" title="Computer performance by orders of magnitude">Computer performance by orders of magnitude</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> (CPU)</li>

<li><a href="Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU)

<ul><li><a href="General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">GPGPU</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector</a></li>

<li><a href="Barrel_processor" title="Barrel processor">Barrel</a></li>

<li><a href="Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream</a></li>

<li><a href="Tile_processor" title="Tile processor">Tile processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">Coprocessor</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-chip_module" title="Multi-chip module">Multi-chip module</a> (MCM)</li>

<li><a href="System_in_a_package" title="System in a package">System in a package</a> (SiP)</li>

<li><a href="Package_on_a_package" title="Package on a package">Package on a package</a> (PoP)</li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By application</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li>

<li><a href="Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li>

<li><a href="Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_processor" title="Mobile processor">Mobile</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultra-low-voltage_processor" title="Ultra-low-voltage processor">Ultra-low-voltage</a></li>

<li><a href="Soft_microprocessor" title="Soft microprocessor">Soft microprocessor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems<br>on chip</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System on a chip</a> (SoC)</li>

<li><a href="Multiprocessor_system_on_a_chip" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiprocessor system on a chip">Multiprocessor</a> (MPSoC)</li>

<li><a href="Cypress_PSoC" title="Cypress PSoC">Cypress PSoC</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_on_a_chip" title="Network on a chip">Network on a chip</a> (NoC)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware<br>accelerators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">Coprocessor</a></li>

<li><a href="AI_accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="AI accelerator">AI accelerator</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU)</li>

<li><a href="Image_processor" title="Image processor">Image processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Vision_processing_unit" title="Vision processing unit">Vision processing unit</a> (VPU)</li>

<li><a href="Physics_processing_unit" title="Physics processing unit">Physics processing unit</a> (PPU)</li>

<li><a href="Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">Digital signal processor</a> (DSP)</li>

<li><a href="Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">Tensor Processing Unit</a> (TPU)</li>

<li><a href="Secure_cryptoprocessor" title="Secure cryptoprocessor">Secure cryptoprocessor</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_processor" title="Network processor">Network processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Baseband_processor" title="Baseband processor">Baseband processor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">Word size</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Bit_slicing" title="Bit slicing">bit slicing</a></li>

<li><a href="Word_(computer_architecture)#Table_of_word_sizes" title="Word (computer architecture)">others</a>

<ul><li><a href="Word_(computer_architecture)#Variable-word_architectures" title="Word (computer architecture)">variable</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core count</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Single-core" title="Single-core">Single-core</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-core_processor" title="Multi-core processor">Multi-core</a></li>

<li><a href="Manycore_processor" title="Manycore processor">Manycore</a></li>

<li><a href="Heterogeneous_computing" title="Heterogeneous computing">Heterogeneous architecture</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">Cache</a>

<ul><li><a href="CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">CPU cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Scratchpad_memory" title="Scratchpad memory">Scratchpad memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Data cache">Data cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Instruction_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction cache">Instruction cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Cache_replacement_policies" title="Cache replacement policies">replacement policies</a></li>

<li><a href="Cache_coherence" title="Cache coherence">coherence</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">Clock rate</a></li>

<li><a href="Clock_signal" title="Clock signal">Clock signal</a></li>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Execution_unit" title="Execution unit">Functional<br>units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">Arithmetic logic unit</a> (ALU)</li>

<li><a href="Address_generation_unit" title="Address generation unit">Address generation unit</a> (AGU)</li>

<li><a href="Floating-point_unit" title="Floating-point unit">Floating-point unit</a> (FPU)</li>

<li><a href="Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">Memory management unit</a> (MMU)

<ul><li><a href="Load%E2%80%93store_unit" title="Load–store unit">Load–store unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Translation_lookaside_buffer" title="Translation lookaside buffer">Translation lookaside buffer</a> (TLB)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Branch_predictor" title="Branch predictor">Branch predictor</a></li>

<li><a href="Branch_target_predictor" title="Branch target predictor">Branch target predictor</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_controller" title="Memory controller">Integrated memory controller</a> (IMC)

<ul><li><a href="Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">Memory management unit</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Instruction_decoder" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction decoder">Instruction decoder</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Combinational_logic" title="Combinational logic">Combinational</a></li>

<li><a href="Sequential_logic" title="Sequential logic">Sequential</a></li>

<li><a href="Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic gate</a>

<ul><li><a href="Quantum_logic_gate" title="Quantum logic gate">Quantum</a></li>

<li><a href="Gate_array" title="Gate array">Array</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hardware_register" title="Hardware register">Registers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Processor_register" title="Processor register">Processor register</a></li>

<li><a href="Status_register" title="Status register">Status register</a></li>

<li><a href="Stack_register" title="Stack register">Stack register</a></li>

<li><a href="Register_file" title="Register file">Register file</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_buffer_register" title="Memory buffer register">Memory buffer</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_address_register" title="Memory address register">Memory address register</a></li>

<li><a href="Program_counter" title="Program counter">Program counter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Control_unit" title="Control unit">Control unit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hardwired_control_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardwired control unit">Hardwired control unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Instruction_unit" title="Instruction unit">Instruction unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_buffer" title="Data buffer">Data buffer</a></li>

<li><a href="Write_buffer" title="Write buffer">Write buffer</a></li>

<li><a href="Microcode" title="Microcode">Microcode</a> <a href="ROM_image" title="ROM image">ROM</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter_(digital)" title="Counter (digital)">Counter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Datapath" title="Datapath">Datapath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Multiplexer" title="Multiplexer">Multiplexer</a></li>

<li><a href="Demultiplexer" class="mw-redirect" title="Demultiplexer">Demultiplexer</a></li>

<li><a href="Adder_(electronics)" title="Adder (electronics)">Adder</a></li>

<li><a href="Binary_multiplier" title="Binary multiplier">Multiplier</a>

<li><a href="Binary_decoder" title="Binary decoder">Binary decoder</a>

<ul><li><a href="Address_decoder" title="Address decoder">Address decoder</a></li>

<li><a href="Sum-addressed_decoder" title="Sum-addressed decoder">Sum-addressed decoder</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Barrel_shifter" title="Barrel shifter">Barrel shifter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">Circuitry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a>

<li><a href="Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_management_integrated_circuit" title="Power management integrated circuit">Power management</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Boolean_circuit" title="Boolean circuit">Boolean</a></li>

<li><a href="Circuit_(computer_science)" title="Circuit (computer science)">Digital</a></li>

<li><a href="Analogue_electronics" title="Analogue electronics">Analog</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum</a></li>

<li><a href="Switch#Electronic_switches" title="Switch">Switch</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Power_management" title="Power management">Power<br>management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Dynamic_frequency_scaling" title="Dynamic frequency scaling">Dynamic frequency scaling</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_voltage_scaling" title="Dynamic voltage scaling">Dynamic voltage scaling</a></li>

<li><a href="Clock_gating" title="Clock gating">Clock gating</a></li>

<li><a href="Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a> (PPW)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_general-purpose_CPUs" title="History of general-purpose CPUs">History of general-purpose CPUs</a></li>

<li><a href="Microprocessor_chronology" title="Microprocessor chronology">Microprocessor chronology</a></li>

<li><a href="Processor_design" title="Processor design">Processor design</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">Digital electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_security_module" title="Hardware security module">Hardware security module</a></li>

<li><a href="Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">Semiconductor device fabrication</a></li>

<li><a href="Tick%E2%80%93tock_model" title="Tick–tock model">Tick–tock model</a></li>

<li><a href="Pin_grid_array" title="Pin grid array">Pin grid array</a></li>

<li><a href="Chip_carrier" title="Chip carrier">Chip carrier</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-04" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=8-bit_computing&oldid=1298704065">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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